Health-related quality of life and its changes of the Tibetan population in China: based on the 2013 and 2018 National Health Services Surveys.

OBJECTIVE: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was an important health outcome measure for evaluating an individual's overall health status. However, there was limited in the literature on HRQoL and its long-term changes of the Tibetan population. This study aimed to assess HRQoL of Tibetan and its changes over time, and explore the differences in HRQoL for residents at different altitudes. DESIGN: Data for the cross-sectional study were extracted from the fifth and sixth waves of the National Health Services Surveys which were conducted in 2013 and 2018. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling strategy was used to select representative participants. SETTING: Tibet Autonomous Region in China. PARTICIPANTS: This study recruited 14 752 participants in 2013 and 13 106 participants in 2018, and after excluding observations with missing values for key variables, 10 247 in 2013 and 6436 in 2018 were included in the study analysis. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The EQ-5D-3L was used to measure participants' HRQoL. RESULTS: The mean health state utility scores of the participants were 0.969±0.078 and 0.966±0.077 in 2013 and 2018, respectively. Pain/discomfort was the most frequently prevalent issue reported in 18.1% and 17.9% of the participants in 2013 and 2018, respectively. Tibetans living 3500-4000 m altitude had the best HRQoL. Age, sex, employment status, educational attainment, chronic disease and weekly physical exercise were influencing factors associated with HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL of the Tibetan population was lower than the general Chinese population, and decreased over time between 5 years. There were differences in HRQoL among Tibetan at different altitudes, with residents living at 3500-4000 m having the best quality of life. More attention should be paid to those Tibetans who are older, female, unemployed and without formal education.

Income-related equity in inpatient care utilization and unmet needs between 2013 and 2018 in Tibet, China.

BACKGROUND: Providing equitable access to health care for all populations is an important sustainable development goal. China has made significant progress in achieving equity in healthcare utilization. However, research on equity in healthcare utilization in Tibet is sparse. This study aims to evaluate changes in income-related inequity in inpatient care utilization and unmet needs between 2013 and 2018 among the Tibetan population and identify the inequity source. METHODS: Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the fifth and sixth waves of the National Health Services Survey in 2013 and 2018. After excluding observations with missing values for key variables, 11,092 and 10,397 respondents were included in this study, respectively. The outcome variables of interest were inpatient service utilization and unmet hospitalization needs. The concentration index and horizontal inequity index (HI) were used to assess income-related inequity. Non-linear decompositions were performed to identify the main contributors to inequity. In the decomposition method, need variables included sex, age, chronic diseases, and the EuroQol-Visual Analog Scale; non-need variables consisted of income, education, employment status, marital status, and health insurance schemes. RESULTS: The probability of inpatient care utilization increased from 6.40% in 2013 to 8.50% in 2018. The HI for inpatient care utilization was 0.19 (P < 0.001) in 2013, whereas it decreased to 0.07 (P < 0.001) in 2018. The contribution of income to inequity in inpatient care utilization decreased from 87.09% in 2013 to 59.79% in 2018. As for unmet inpatient care needs, although its probability increased from 0.76 to 1.48%, the percentage of reasons for financial hardship decreased from 47.62 to 28.57%. The HI for unmet hospitalization need was - 0.07 in 2013 and - 0.05 in 2018, and neither was statistically significant. The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme made majority contributions to promote equity in unmet hospitalization need. Moreover, the female respondents reporting low EuroQol-Visual Analog Scale scores and patients with chronic disease were not only more likely to seek for inpatient care, but also have more unmet need than the reference groups. CONCLUSIONS: The inequity in inpatient care utilization in Tibet narrowed from 2013 to 2018, and there was no inequity in unmet hospitalization needs in 2013 and 2018. Income and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme are the main drivers of equity promotion. To promote access to inpatient care utilization and decrease the probability of unmet hospitalization need in future, policymakers should target high-need residents in Tibet to improve accessibility, availability, and acceptability.

Correlation and significance of the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and gastric cancer-associated antigen MG7-Ag in gastric cancer and non-cancerous tissue / 中华消化杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation and significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) an d gastric cancer-associated antigen MG7(MG7-Ag) in gastric carcinoma and non- cancerous tissues. Methods Avidin-biotin peroxidase complex immunohistochemical method was adopted to exam ine the expression of COX-2 and MG7-Ag in the gastric mucosa of 100 patients w ith gastric carcinoma. The Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection in gastr ic carcinoma was determined by blue amino toluene stain and modified Giemsa stai n. Results The positive rates of COX-2 and MG7-Ag in gastric carcinoma were 88.0% and 92. 0% respectively. From chronic superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia to dysplasia, the expression of COX-2 and MG7-Ag showed a n ascending tendency. Both COX-2 and MG7-Ag were expressed at higher level in cases with lymph nodes or distal organs metastasis than those without (P